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Contango Is Working Against U.S. Oil ETF Investors

Summary WTI crude oil is in a state of contango, which will cost USO shareholders roughly 17 cents per share this month. The net long position for speculators is still too high. A V-shaped recovery in oil is unlikely. By Ivan Y. WTI and Brent crude oil prices finished 2014 down 46% and 48%, respectively. Besides a surplus in oil, which is expected to be more than 1 million bpd in 2015 for OPEC oil based on current production levels, a rising U.S. Dollar, and negative momentum, there are two other factors that are currently working against investors in The United States Oil ETF, LP (NYSEARCA: USO ). Back to Contango Just a few months ago, WTI oil was in a slight backwardization. This provided a slight benefit to USO shareholders due to the fact that the fund was paying a cheaper price when it rolled over its crude contracts every month. However, WTI oil is currently in a state of contango. Although it is not a big spread, the fund will have to pay a premium when it does its monthly rollovers. Based on Friday’s closing price, the March 2015 contract is 45 cents more expensive than the February 2015 contract. That represents a 0.85% premium and is equivalent to about 17 cents in the share price of USO. If the spread does not change this month, investors should expect USO to deteriorate in value by about 17 cents per share this month. This may not affect short-term traders, but anyone who plans to hold USO for a longer period can consider selling out-of-the-money covered call options to make up for the expected loss. For example, currently, the January (5th week) $23 call is priced at 18 cents on the bid. Selling that call should be sufficient to compensate for the expected contango loss. USO would have to rise by over 15% in order for that call to be in-the-money, so it’s likely to expire worthless. The COT Report Another issue that could put a damper on USO is the fact that speculators, according to the most recent COT report for positions as of December 23, 2014, still have a very high net long position. The so-called speculators (e.g. hedge funds) are not considered to be the smart money in the commodity markets. The report shows that they are net long by 320,337 contracts. That is significantly less than the peak of roughly 450k contracts during last June, but it is still high when compared historically. Prior to 2011, which you can see in the chart below, the net long position had not exceeded 250k contracts, and even 100k during that period was considered to be extremely high. The fact that speculators still have a very high net long position, at least when compared historically, means that there probably needs to be more liquidation before we arrive at a more normalized net long position. Thoughts on Price In hindsight, I was clearly wrong about where the price of oil would bottom. Back in October, I suggested that Brent oil would bottom around $85 (which would’ve been roughly $80 for WTI) because that was Saudi Arabia’s fiscal breakeven point. I completely underestimated the political and competitive risks to that assumption. First, at least in my opinion, one of the primary reasons for oil’s collapse was due to an orchestrated attempt by the U.S. (via Saudi Arabia’s refusal to defend the price) to punish Vladamir Putin for his extra-curricular activities in Ukraine. This is an obvious strategy that works due to the Russian government’s reliance on oil & gas sales for revenue. Second, it is also obvious that Saudi Arabia also wants to curtail the shale oil revolution in the U.S. It seems like every week, some person associated with OPEC will say something that indicates that they will not cut production and will let market forces dictate the price, even if it drops to $20 according to a Saudi oil minister. How many times do they need to keep repeating the same message? That being said, oil has already been pushed down enough to curtail cap-ex spending by many producers. Here are a few examples: Penn West (NYSE: PWE ) cuts 2015 cap-ex by $215 million ConocoPhillips (NYSE: COP ) cuts 2015 cap-ex by 20% Marathon Oil (NYSE: MRO ) cuts 2015 cap-ex by 20% However, low prices probably need to persists for several months at least in order for exploration and production to be cut in the longer-term. It really looks like Saudi Arabia is willing to suffer in the short-term in order to benefit in the long-term. Based on that, a V-shaped rebound in oil is unlikely. Saudi Arabia could, if they wanted to, move the price back up immediately just by making an announcement that they will cut production, but it doesn’t look like they want to do that. I think USO is going to struggle for several more weeks or months.

Why Exelon Corporation Will Outperform The Market In 2015

The strong rally in utilities will continue into 2015, despite statements to the contrary from analysts, as the sector is still strongly undervalued relative to the market. Exelon combines an attractive valuation with strong price momentum and EPS growth. We expect the stock to outperform the market by 8.7% over the next 12 months. Entergy Corporation, Hawaiian Electric, and Westar Energy are other electric utilities that look poised to outperform the market in 2015. A) Introduction The Utilities sector surprised many by posting the best price performance in the market in 2014. Electric utility companies were a particularly strong subset of the sector, posting an average gain of 31% during the course of the year. At this point, many investors are questioning whether the current rally will continue, especially with rising interest rates on the horizon (high interest rates hurt utilities). On Wednesday, Michael Purves, the head of equity derivatives research at Weeden & Co, advised investors to “start to take profits given the run is getting long in the teeth.” Contrary to common sentiment, we feel the sector’s momentum and growth should serve a signal of further outperformance, as the sector is still strongly undervalued relative to the overall market. Investors unfamiliar to our style of analysis should know that we solely look at metrics that have a long historical track record of predicting stock returns. We’ll first analyze how the overall Utility sector stacks up to the other nine sectors in ten metrics that have been academically shown to predict returns. Then, we’ll look into which stocks within the Electrical Utility industry group look poised to lead the group, again looking at value, momentum, and earnings. B) Top-Down Analysis of the Utility Sector In deciding whether to invest in certain utility stocks, it is critical to first look at how the overall sector stacks up relative to other sectors in value, momentum, and growth. The table below shows how the sector compares to other sectors in five valuation metrics that have been academically proven to predict returns: (click to enlarge) Source: QuantifiedAlpha.com The utilities sector looks the most attractive of any of the sectors on a book value basis, with the sector’s average price/book ratio of 2.22 being the lowest of any of the sectors. The sector looks relatively attractive on both a revenue and earnings basis, with a sales yield of 49% and earnings yield of 3.6%. Even with the big rally, the average utility stock pays a 3.4% dividend, good for third behind the Energy and Telecom sectors. Undervalued stocks tend to outperform the market, and using the average amount of excess return generated by these factors historically, our algorithms estimate how much. Overall, we expect the average utility stock to generate 1.31% of alpha attributable to value, over the next twelve months. Next, we analyze how the sector is doing on a growth & momentum basis: (click to enlarge) Source: QuantifiedAlpha.com As we said before, the utility sector has performed the best over the last twelve months, gaining 25% on average. It is the second best performing sector over the last six months, behind the Health Care sector, gaining a shade under 9%. The sector falls in the middle of the pack in average annual EPS growth, growing 18%. The sector is also in the middle of the pack in financial efficiency, returning an average of 2.8% on assets and 9.8% on equity. Each of these five metrics has been academically shown to predict stock returns, with the two price momentum metrics being the most important. Overall, we expect the average utility stock to generate 1.33% of alpha attributable to growth over the upcoming twelve months. C) Group Leaders Now that we’ve analyzed the sector on a top-down basis, we’ll now look at which stocks within the electric utility industry group look poised to lead the group. Below is a table showing which stocks in the group are the most undervalued: (click to enlarge) Source: QuantifiedAlpha.com As we can see, our top five most undervalued electrical utilities include Entergy Corporation (NYSE: ETR ), Exelon Corporation (NYSE: EXC ), Portland General Electric Company (NYSE: POR ), American Electric Power Co. (NYSE: AEP ), and Westar Energy (NYSE: WR ). Each of these companies has a sales yield (inverse of Price/Sales) over 45%, which is way above the overall market average. Each of these stocks sport similar earnings and dividend yields, each of which are again much higher than the overall market averages. These stocks also look attractive on a book value basis, with none of the company’s having a price/book ratio over 2. Overall, Entergy tops out as the value leader of the group, with our algorithms expecting the stock to generate 5.8% of value alpha over the next twelve months. With that being said, each of the five stocks is expected to significantly outperform the market due to their attractive value. Next, we’ll see which stocks are leading the sector in growth and momentum: (click to enlarge) Source: QuantifiedAlpha.com As we can see, our top five strongest growth electrical utilities include ITC Holdings Corp. (NYSE: ITC ), Hawaiian Electric Industries (NYSE: HE ), MGE Energy (NASDAQ: MGEE ), Northeast Utilities (NYSE: NU ), and Exelon Corporation. After a slow start to the year, Hawaiian has had a very strong second half of the year (+40%). Exelon has been the best performer over the past year, gaining 44%. Exelon has also had the strong EPS growth of the five, growing annual EPS by 41%. ITC Holdings tops the group in profit efficiency, returning 5.2% on assets and 21% on equity. Overall, ITC is expected to outperform the market the most owing to its growth profile over the upcoming twelve months (4.76%). Exelon is the only stock that made it onto both group leaders lists. Next, we’ll look at which stocks have been performing best relative analyst earnings expectations: (click to enlarge) Source: QuantifiedAlpha.com We’ve found through historical back testing that stocks that beat earnings estimates consistently, are extremely likely to keep beating estimates. This is crucial as stock prices can experience wild swings in price depending on how earnings come out relative to expectations. Hawaiian Electric has the best track record, having beaten EPS estimates by 12% last quarter (6 straight beats) and revenue estimates by 8% (2 straight beats). Edison International (NYSE: EIX ) has the best track record for EPS, having beaten the Wall Street consensus EPS estimates 8 times in a row. PPL Corporation (NYSE: PPL ), Westar Energy, and NextEra Energy (NYSE: NEE ) are names we haven’t seen yet, that have all outperformed expectations as well. D) Conclusion Now that we’ve analyzed the sector as a whole and the individual group leaders in the group, it is time to see which utility stock comes out on top. The table below shows the electric utility stocks we expect to outperform the market the most: (click to enlarge) Source: QuantifiedAlpha.com Exelon comes out on top on our list, with our algorithms expecting the stock to outperform the overall market by 8.73% over the next twelve months. Exelon combines strong value with solid momentum and EPS growth. Entergy, Hawaiian Electric, and Westar Energy are other stocks that were featured earlier in the article that also look very attractive. While American Electric Power is featured at #4 on our overall leader board, we advise investors to stay away from the stock as it has been missing analyst estimates recently (hence the one star Earnings Strength rating). Though the Utility sector outperformed the general market during 2014, we feel the sector is still relatively undervalued and certain names look very attractive.

Absolute Momentum Revisited

Trend following based absolute momentum, also known as time-series momentum, is the Rodney Dangerfield of investing. It “don’t get no respect.” Absolute momentum is little known and hardly used by investors. Yet it can be a very powerful tool, leading to both enhanced return during bull markets and reduced risk during bear markets. The more common type of momentum, based on relative strength, has little or no ability to reduce bear market drawdown. It may even increase volatility and downside risk. As I show in my book, Dual Momentum Investing , using both absolute and relative momentum simultaneously is the best approach in that it lets you benefit from the return enhancing characteristics of both types of momentum while incorporating the risk reducing benefits of absolute momentum. But absolute momentum has possible uses on its own for those who simply want to limit the downside risk and enhance the expected return of single assets or fixed portfolios. That is why I wrote the paper, “Absolute Momentum: A Simple Rule-Based Strategy and Universal Trend-Following Overlay,” which is now included as Appendix B in my book. I show how absolute momentum can be applied to a number of different indexes and assets, as well as to some common portfolio configurations, such as balanced stock/bond or simple risk parity portfolios. Absolute momentum is easy to calculate and apply. It is positive if an asset’s excess return (return less the Treasury bill rate) over a specified look back period is positive. One then holds that asset until absolute momentum turns negative. In my paper, I use data going back to January 1973, since bond index began at that time and international stock index data began close to it in January 1970. Elsewhere in my book, I also use January 1973 as the start date for my analysis, since my book’s featured Global Equities Momentum (GEM) model relies on the same fixed income and international stock indexes. Those wanting to see additional momentum result history can consult the references I give in the book showing attractive profits from relative strength and absolute momentum back to 1801 and 1903, respectively. However, I now think it would be a good idea now to extend my back testing of absolute momentum, since I learned that some investors are especially attracted to absolute momentum for several reasons. First, absolute momentum trades less frequently then dual momentum, which may be important for taxable accounts. Absolute momentum applied to just the U.S. stock market gives mostly long-term capital gains from stocks. The second reason absolute momentum may be worth looking at in more depth is that some investors have only a single investment approach that they are comfortable using. They may want to hold a portfolio that focuses solely on value plus profitability (see my earlier post, ” Value Investing Redux “), quality, hedge fund cloning, stock buy backs, dividend appreciation, micro caps, or other factors. So I think it would be helpful to see how absolute momentum looks when applied to aggregate U.S. stocks using the long-term Kenneth French data library that is available online. I compare 10 and 12 month absolute momentum filters to commonly-used 10 and 12 month simple moving average filters from April 1927 through December 2014, a period of 87 years. When we are out of stocks, assets are invested in one month Treasury bills. Here are the results with monthly readjusting of positions without transaction costs: Abs12 MA12 Abs10 MA10 US Mkt ANN RETURN 11.06 9.76 11.45 9.77 11.74 ANN STD DEV 12.53 12.83 12.88 12.50 18.70 ANN SHARPE 0.57 0.46 0.58 0.48 0.41 MAX DD -43.98 -48.22 -41.44 -56.62 -83.70 These are hypothetical results and are not an indicator of future results and do not represent returns that any investor actually attained. Please see our Disclaimer page for additional disclosures. (click to enlarge) We see that absolute momentum gives very attractive results compared to both buy and hold and the use of moving averages. Absolute momentum shows higher returns and Sharpe ratios, as well as lower maximum drawdowns, than comparable moving averages. In addition, moving averages have approximately 50% more trades and more false whipsaw signals than absolute momentum. So if we were to account for transaction costs, absolute momentum signals would look even more attractive compared to their moving average counterparts. Because of the additional transactions, moving averages are also not as tax efficient as absolute momentum. Dual momentum is still the premier momentum strategy for most investors, but absolute momentum may be a valuable tool for many others.