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Companhia Paranaense de Energia’s (ELP) CEO Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna on Q3 2015 Results – Earnings Call Transcript

Companhia Paranaense de Energia (COPEL) (NYSE: ELP ) Q3 2015 Earnings Conference Call November 12, 2015 12:00 pm ET Executives Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna – CEO Luiz Eduardo da Veiga Sebastiani – CFO & IR Officer Gilberto Mendes Fernandes – Business Management Director Sergio Luiz Lamy – CEO, Copel G&T Ricardo Goldani Dosso – CEO, Copel Renováveis Acacio Massato Nakayama – Assistant Director, Copel Distribuição Adriano Fedalto – Accounting Superintendent Analysts Carolina Carneiro – Banco Santander Lilyanna Yang – UBS Operator Good afternoon and thank you for waiting. Welcome to the Earnings Call for Companhia Paranaense de Energia Copel to discuss the results of the Third Quarter of 2015. All participants are in listen-only mode during the company’s presentation. And later, we’ll have an Q&A session, when further instructions will be provided. [Operator Instructions]. Before proceeding, we should mention that forward-looking statements that might be made during this conference call related to Copel’s business outlook, projections, operating and financial projections are based on beliefs and assumptions of the company’s management as well as on information currently available. Forward-looking statements are no guarantee of performance. They involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions because they relate to future events and, therefore, depend on circumstances that may or may not occur. Investors should understand that general economic conditions, industry conditions and other operating factors may also affect the future results of Copel, and could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in such forward-looking statements. With us today in the conference call we have Mr. Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna, CEO of the company; Mr. Luiz Eduardo da Veiga Sebastiani, CFO and IR Officer; Gilberto Mendes Fernandes, Business Management Director; Mr. Sergio Luiz Lamy, CEO of Copel G&T; Mr. Ricardo Goldani Dosso, CEO of Copel Renováveis; and Acacio Massato Nakayama, Assistant Director of Copel Distribuição. The presentation will be delivered by Copel’s management, and can be followed on the company’s website www.copel.com/ir. Now, I will turn the conference to Mr. Luiz Fernando Vianna, CEO of the company. Please Mr. Luiz Fernando. Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna Good afternoon. Welcome to the conference call for the 3Q ’15 earnings. Events which are considered to be very important to discuss about our company and also about some perspective of the sector, I remember that in our prior opportunity to talk, we were close to have the Provisional Measure 68 disclosed and it has been published mid-August. It brought important change in the rules for the power plant auctions that it had expired contracts and also the perspective of other GSF restructuring. Since then the discussion is about the provisional measure and its consequences really have taken us a lot of our time. About the restructuring of the GSF, we have discussed a lot on this matter internally and we have participated actively in tutorial discussions all aiming the best scenario for the company. From the beginning of November and now by the means of the technical standards of 238/2015 has presented the conditions for the restructuring. Right now we are concentrated in the analysis of the feasibility of this agreement that the renewal of the injunctions that protect the generators of the cost related to GSF since June of this year. Now about the power plant auctions which contract has not being renewed the new rules that allow the concession to keep part of the energy to be produced became more attractive for the assets but on the other hand, the demand paying the payments of grant fee which becomes a great challenge for project especially our sectorial scenario that hasn’t told the restriction, cash restriction to generators and also our economic scenario that also limits the funding option. On the part of the distributors we had an important advance and the expansion perspective for the concession contract. The Federal Accounting Board had its questions answered and now has concluded the process recommending to the MME the expansion of 40 concessions among them further distribution. The agency also has already presented proceedings of the amendment for that expansion and there are conditions for the efficiency in two dimension, service quality and economic finance management, sustainability. So right now we are analyzing other conditions and we are going to submit our decision to shareholders in an extraordinary general meeting that is already being set for December 2. The third quarter also was marked by a more profound Brazilian economic crisis and that has impacted the energy consumption; it’s rough 2.7% vis-à-vis the third quarter of the prior year, according to EPE data. Considering our [indiscernible] market the figures are much better but also negative. The captive market had of drop of 1% vis-à-vis the same period of the prior year and the total market that considers the captive market and for consumers had a drop of 2.5% that impacted the economic results of the distributor in this period. Along the last month also we have seen an improvement in the hydrology especially of regions South and Southeast and along with the reduction of the demand has encouraged the government by the Electric Sector Monitoring Council to switch off the most expensive thermal power plants after August with that reduction in the cost of energy for the system and also the reduction of the tariff that dropped from 55 megawatt-hours to 45 megawatt-hour and releasing a little bit of cost up here for consumers. It’s important to mention that our TPP Araucária has not been impacted by that measure; it’s still operating and available for operation. Along the third quarter that plant has operated during 55 days and made conservative with 548 gigawatt to the system. Still talking about hydrology, the improvement in the reservoir and the switching off of the TPP have allowed higher energy production coming from the HPP, therefore, reducing the exposure to GSF that was an 86% in the 3Q ’15 above the 80% that we have seen in the first half of 2015 and aligned to what we have seen between July and September of 2014. Now Slide number 4, I would like to say that the Federal Regional courts of the 1st Region has approved Copel’s DNT request and suspended any time of bonus related to the concession contract for either HPP up to the moment when analyzes that administrative process that deals with the request to exclude the liability relating to the delay and the conclusion of the plant’s work. With that injunction we are protected about delivery energy in the contract [indiscernible] since the beginning of October is still in the legal area we should highlight the decision of the Supreme Court that has ignored a decision from the Parana Court that determined that Copel should pay R$540 million to Ivaí Engenharia related to concession work of CCH Derivação do Rio Jordão in the 1990s. Copel now is waiting for the publication of this court’s decision and also the answer of Parana Justice Court and with shareholders and the market informed about the process. So we mention the period’s results I would like to highlight that all in parts that are part of the portfolio Brisa Potiguar Complex are already operating. Therefore, we have reached 278 megawatts in an commercial operation we have already produced 422 gigawatt-hour of wind energy in 2015. It is also important to highlight that the four wind parks São Miguel do Gostoso Complex, which it has 108 megawatts of installed capacity and it is a partnership between Copel and Voltalia are also ready to operate. We’re just waiting for the conclusion for this transmission lines and that activity is on the direct accountability of other agents and after that we will start commercial operations. Now the challenge is to start the concession of the wind with Cutia Wind Complex that has 13 wind parks and totals 332 megawatts of installed capacity, and that has provided answer that to — precursor to start commercial operations in 2017 and in 2019. Now I will turn the floor to Luiz Eduardo Sebastiani, our CFO and IR Officer and he’s going to go into the details of our earnings in the quarter. Luiz Eduardo da Veiga Sebastiani Thank you very much, Mr. CEO, Vianna, this is very important moment for the company. The relationship with investors, with the market relatively new information, information important for about our company and we have here superintendents in addition to the officers already mentioned, we have our financial superintendent and also our business development director among our other directors. So good afternoon everyone. Thank you once again for taking part on this conference call about our results. On Slide 5, as you can see we have operating revenue that has increased 20% in the first nine months of 2015 overcoming the R$11 billion. The main reason for that expansion is the growth of 35% of the revenue and that is a result of adjustments defined by Aneel and applied to the tariffs of Copel Distribuição. And we had just an annual adjustment in June and an extraordinary adjustment in March and that was needed to pay increase of energy cost and charges. Also, we have the recognition of almost R$1 billion regarding the result of assets and liabilities in the period. That amount was registered in the first half of the year and it comprised mainly by the tariff deferment and those end up being recovered by tariff after the adjustment in June 24 of this year. And when we consider adjusted figures of the third quarter that is a negative recognition in R$16 million. Now the supply revenue that it has major product of the phase of Copel GeT and total phase of Thermoelectric Araucária reduction of 5% up to September. In Slide 6, we have cost of operating expenses that reached R$10.4 billion between January and September of 2015, 27% higher than the one we had in the same period of last year and that can be explained mainly by the elevation of energy cost that were marked for resale that increased 44% vis-à-vis the same period of last year. That increase is a reflection of the higher cost with acquisition of energy at Itaipu that has increased due to the tariff adjustment and also the dollar appreciation. In addition to that also contributed to the adjustments of contract that were adjusted by the inflation, at the end of transfer of funds from CDE and ACR accounts that offset cost is over $1 billion last year. Also we had an increase of 46% in charges cost reflecting mainly in higher ESS related to the dispatch of thermal power plants out of the order of merit. Manageable cost has increased 16% in the first nine months of 2015 due to the higher expenses with personnel and outsource services and as a consequence of the inflation that has reached around 10% investors at time and the cost increase needed to sustain the growth of the company and to keep the quality standards. I would like to highlight that we have here in Parana along the year a lot of events, climatic events that were very severe and they have generated extraordinary cost. It sounds like [indiscernible] EBITDA is 10% lower than the one we had in the same period of last year totaling R$1.6 billion with a margin of 14% on the operating revenue. The cash generation of Copel GeT accounts for 66% of the consolidated EBITDA positively sound 10% and Copel Telecom 5%. Other companies of the group account for 19% and the main contribution here comes from Araucária TPP. About the EBITDA margin in Copel GeT has closed the first nine months of year with the margin of 30%, Distribuição 2% and Telecom 43%. On Slide 8, we have the consolidated net income for Copel has reached R$863 million up to September of 2015, 19% lower than the same period of 2014 due mainly to lower GSF and also the reduction of the POD sale. Analyzing the subsidiaries’ results we can see that Copel Distribuição it had a net income of R$98 million reserving the loss that happened in the same period of last year. Copel GeT close the period, the first nine months of the year was a net income of R$705 million, 29% lower than the same period of last year and Copel Telecom R$43 million of net income aligned with the same period of 2014. So these were our highlights, we are now available for your questions. I would like to ask your permission Mr. CEO and also our analysts or investors that are following us. We would like right now to make comments or announcements or explanations due to analysis that has been already published in the market and that is about Copel Distribuição balance sheet. Here we have with us, our accountant superintendent that has an important role in the company but also in the sector. He has done accounting of the first in this area and also in the regulating energy sector, and so it’s very important to have him with us and he’s Adriano Fedalto and we are already anticipating to listeners a few comments on that matter. Thank you very much Mr. Adriano. Adriano Fedalto Good afternoon everyone. Thank you for this opportunity to add a little bit more information about our figures of Copel Distribuição. We have seen that this work is our intense quarter for all the distributors; they are going into a process of renewing concessions that is our case as well, and we had very specific events here of Copel and we would like to talk about them so that we can add more information about what has already been seen our accounting for the third quarter, so I would like to ask your permission to tell you a little bit more in my accounting language so that you can have more information. You have seen just like all of us the third quarter and we will be talking us specifically about the third quarter of 2015. We have seen that Copel Distribuição had a negative EBITDA of R$85 million. This is the figure that we would like to go over with you. We have some very specific events in the sector and some specific events for Copel, and we will bring to you a brief review of those. So now I will ask you, your permission to break the ground. Well let’s start by talking about the revenue of Copel Distribuição. We had an event advance now in the third quarter that has generated R$36 million of PIS and COFINS, taxes that has not been recognized. We have a practice here at Copel and all the distributors, everyone operates in the non-cumulative regimen of pace and [indiscernible] and we have been following those movement in credits and we adjust our tax bracket in a way that we have to charge our consumers. But now in the third quarter 2015 that amount, that amounted to R$36 million; the adjustment required time. So you will see the adjustment in these brackets of our consumers now in the fourth quarter and we will recover part of that amount or actually the full amount in the fourth quarter, so this is the first adjustment when we do the reconciliation of R$85 million of the negative EBITDA. I would ask you to follow that up with us so that we come up to the total amount that we really reflect the reality of the company in terms of the EBITDA so right now are just R$36 million. A second event that have also impacted specifically the third quarter is related to the tariff flag. We had an adjustment of R$33 million in the quarter due to effective receivables in June of 2015 and you may see that in our document, so we have other sectorial assets then they have been adjusted for the third quarter and R$33 million so this is another event because of the tariff receivables that was being posted as sectorial assets and it has been adjusted in the third quarter. We have revenue adjustment of R$5 million that is in accounting, that is re-accounting of CVA, we have been seeing CVA and the movement they become even more complex with time so their adjustments here some re-accounting and those were R$5 million, so please consider that as a non-recurring adjustment. Now going forward with the revenues, we have R$14 million from estimates of R$57 million of amortization of [indiscernible] two specific event first R$14 million once again, we have closed with the best information possible in June 30 and when you concluded the date, we have to do an adjustment of R$14 million. Now the amortization of CVA usually the amounts were not representative and in our cases specifically with the deferral of R$1 billion that we had accumulated in the sectorial asset account and transferred that after June. We have a specific effect of R$7 million which is recurring from June to July. Also, they have been adjusted now in this third quarter, so these event is specific event and I would like to have your understanding here just making it very clear these were specific events. And finally the last adjustment that we see in revenues that we had revenues not accounted, not posted R$42 million. Now that happened now here in the R$42 million that has impacted our results. As soon as the market recovers this will be also posted either in the fourth quarter or when the market recovers itself in the first quarter of next year but this is not a loss for the company, just an adjusted because of the fluctuation of the market as we have seen in the last quarter. So this fact of situation of events total R$130 million, R$137 million and, therefore, we have negative EBITDA 85% and you can take that out we’ll have a positive EBITDA of R$20 million which will bring it best to reality. We had several off timely events, I mean, once in a lifetime event and they had some temporary effect here. Now going forward, the cost we had some specific events once again for the sector for the company that have reviewed the concession or are reviewing the concession. We discussed a lot with Aneel and distribution sector and especially the companies that are right now that just gained a renewal of their concessions and or July 7 most of them have their contract expired and we need it to reflect the debt on our balance sheet. And what was the better estimate for a financial balance, how much I will be reimbursed if I have to give away my concession. So since we operate it up to the expiration of course we need to deal with that number. So what was the best disclosure of our balance sheet in September are now have guided us by the means of a report directed to the whole sector. And so given if a concession is replaced we’ll have at least 24 months to do that adjustment, a possible bidding so that the new concession takes over the process. So the criteria was to work with 24 months of that financial asset transfers to an intangible asset. Therefore, our quote will increase and we’ll work with that amount divided by 24 and that is going to affect the revenues that I am receiving to operate the concession. So that even is going to be reflected in all concessions areas that are undergoing the process at Amanhã (phonetic) and also that reflects the moment of the slow down also that has impacted our EBITDA reducing it to R$11 million in the quarter. Follow-up that figure again in our reconciliation. Something else that happened specifically in Copel is what we had low additional costs. We are already working with process for tariff review in our distributors. We are receiving them now and we are preparing ourselves so that our base can be referred with the lowest addition as possible. Therefore, we analyze all our work, everything we are doing in a serious so that we can adjust ourselves to the regulating standards that we consider reasonable and that quarter there we had an adjustment of R$11 million. Also there was a reclassification our financial expenses to operating expenses. Therefore, this impacted the EBITDA and R$13 million that was to VACATICV (phonetic) or amount that we pay are consumers. 2015 was intense climatically speaking. We then were closing that as financial expenses. As all companies in the electric sector we are adjusting ourselves with the conditions and characteristics of the sector and to the new accounting rules. And so we have the R$13 million financial expenses there being classified now as operation of expenses, so this also once again there is one-time thing. And finally in other adjustment in the results, in the third quarter of 2015 when we compare it to the second one is it an increase for the allowance of provision or doubtful debt account. We are very close now — there was an increase in the third quarter because of the increase in our traffics but was an event that we thought in this third quarter of 2015. Consequently, all these adjustments in our account of expenses reflected R$45 million. So if we start at 85 of our average and add up all of the events or the expenses we then will be with an EBITDA that should be over R$111 — sorry once again ask your permission to say it, and I just want to help our shareholders and investors. We are seeing specifically our expenses with depreciation and amortization it is only adjusted for EBITDA purposes and now is R$67 million and we see that if we calculate it in a more macro manner and building our base of 2015 you’re going to reach R$87 million. So we have an expectation of depreciation. We will adjust our EBIT expectation and we find our adjustments relating our EBITDA expectations. And I will conclude saying about the supply. I notice that this known in the market in the sector but we Copel use a criteria that is very sophisticated so that we have a better disclosure of our figures and we work with 30 days and 31 days. So in the quarter that closes 30 days we will see a little bit higher amount of that, and for September 30 we have variable R$10 million because of the 30 days that will also be adjusted in October because of that criteria. So in summary, now to open the Q&A session that I’m sure everyone is interested and that’s what I had to say. If you have any questions I’ll be available to answer them and I want all of you to be helping you to bring transparent figures, transparent numbers, that’s our objective always. Thank you very much. Question-and-Answer Session Operator Now we are going to start the Q&A session. [Operator Instructions]. Our first question is from Mr. Marcus [indiscernible] at JPMorgan. Mr. Marcus? Unidentified Analyst Good afternoon, Vianna and Sebastiani. Thank you for this opportunity. I have two questions, both related to the Distribuição. The first one is related to the renewal of the assets that have been proposed by Aneel. My question is, is it really worthwhile for Copel to renew that asset? If we check the leverage level that was indicated by Aneel so that you could renew the concession and should you have to have extra funding there maybe if I can just restate in R$1 million so if we analyze the adjusted EBITDA going to need an even if we completed that and we work with an EBITDA higher R$300 million a year it is still very far. So my question is would it be good to renew even if it’s better to try indemnity? We have the assets of R$2.5 billion and to work with something close to R$4 billion, would that make more sense to investors once within we have better return this way rather than having an asset with a low level of efficiency? If you despite keep this asset what sort of measures can we see in terms of distributor recovery efficiency gain so that we could work closer to the regulating agencies to generate value to shareholders, that is, in the last three years the company was very clear relating to your level of efficiency in the near future and when we look the figure three years later we see that there is a long way to go. So I have data here from the Distribuição. If it were adjusted material services the third quarter of 2015 vis-à-vis third quarter of 2014 the quarter yield has increased to 28% way above inflation. So that’s only a fact in terms of a trajectory of manageable cost, are they feasible to be reduced? And I already thank you for your answer and for this opportunity. Unidentified Company Representative Good afternoon. [indiscernible] everyone. This is Acosta (phonetic), I am the assistant director of the distributor. About your question, first, the expansion of the contract yesterday the approval was a rectification of the contractor or the proceedings of the contracts have been approved for the expansion of the distributor contract. In fact, the new contract comes with a few innovations also related to the economic financial sustainability of the concessionary agent. So this is new vis-à-vis what we had in a prior client contract and now it’s we have a strong management in terms of the performance of the contract for keeping the concession more 30 years. As far as Copel is concerned, we have no doubt that we should renew the contract. Obviously Copel is adapting itself and was waiting for the condition and you can see that we are trying to be compliant with the new condition, especially about the sustainability and that is going to be renewed especially checked in the next five years. So in terms of cost then and mitigation and other indicators that will be considered especially quality indicators we are already working. Yet, we have the variables that are not controllable the same but we do understand that for cost reduction and in order to reach the quality index for the new contract we depend on the company’s action. Here we could mention an automation program for the rural sector where we still have a strong contribution in the quality topic and we have already started planning starting in 2016 for the next three years the company will invest in automation in the rural sector. And surely in controlling the duration of interruptions and reducing that according to our target. And with that we will also automate the rural grid and at work, and of course, we are working as well to reduce cost and to work faster and to reduce the displacement that we have and the number of people that we need to have complete the target stated in the new contract. And obviously that’s an investment means more working more remuneration. I’m sorry to insist that you understand that these measures are business mention I’m not to have to company close to the regulatory EBITDA or you have additional measures for that? It is obvious that these are specific measures that we are adopting and we see that there is a greater facility and a scale gain. And of course we — if we consider continuing the actions we are already practicing. Then terms of course this is major effective tool to the compliance with the regulations. Thank you. Operator Our next question is from Mr. [indiscernible], Credit Suisse. Unidentified Analyst Hello everyone, good afternoon. I have a quick question. About the auction of expired concession you said that you’re interested in keeping public disclosure, public disclosure is one that does not have the grant an impairment. What is the idea of Copel about this auction? Are you going to take part on that? Are you going with your own capital? Can you give us any idea how these things work? Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna This is Luiz Fernando. Yes, Copel will take part on that, this is Lot B, and we have not decided what we are going to do, if we are going to go in alone, it will have a partnership, we are deciding between today and tomorrow, and we already have funding for that operation. And [indiscernible] on capital and third-party capital. Unidentified Analyst And finally, your objective is Parigot de Souza or other product lines as well? Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna No, only Parigot de Souza and the other small clients that come with it. Unidentified Analyst Okay that’s fine. Thank you. Operator Our next question is from Ms. Carolina Carneiro, Santander. Ms. Carolina? Carolina Carneiro Good afternoon everyone. About the auction, can you give us an overview? Are you going to take part on the A minus 1 auction that should happen this year? And can you talk a little bit about the selling price of those? And if you can also talk about contracting energy, we know that you have certain amount of energy for next year, so I would like to know if you have anything else to tell us about that contract? Thank you. Sergio Luiz Lamy Good afternoon Carolina, this is Sergio Lamy, Copel GeT. About the first question Auction A minus 1 of this year, no, it’s not going to be possible for Copel to participate because we do not have energy for sale after 2016. Therefore, we would not be able to participate on the A minus 1 auction. For the other years 2017 on this we would have a commercialization strategy and that strategy starts to be deployed at the end of 2015 and it will continue along 2016. I would like to add we even started the participation of A minus 1 but with disclosure of the selling price, as we have mentioned, we decided to stay out of it and wait for another opportunity. Operator Ms. Carolina. Next question is from Mr. [indiscernible] from Citigroup. Unidentified Analyst Thank you for the call. About Colider with the injection of Copel did not do anything else on this quarter, so what is the talk, what the regulator do you have a perspective about when this is going to be analyzed? And another question on the distribution, should we keep on waiting for the next quarter increase that we saw in the last quarter; should we see a reduction what is the perspective for the short term? Thank you. Sergio Luiz Lamy Good afternoon, Katie, this is Mr. Luiz Lamy, Copel GeT. About the first question Colider product plant. Our request to anticipate to takeover was because we understand there was a delay from the agencies to decide about the responsibility for Colider? So now to bring directors had meeting results, and in that meeting they promised us that this would be discussed in April. And so far in October nothing has happened but we understand that there was not another possibility other than to try and anticipate that and that has been done in the first region. I don’t know if that answer is enough for you but maybe Acacio now can talk about the distributor. A – Acacio Massato Nakayama Good afternoon, Katie. Yes, of course, there is special attention in terms of cost and to be close to the regulatory cost, the major variation that we have seen is that we still keep on we intend to decrease cost but the climate and other factors have been causing the increase in manageable cost. The idea is that as we have seen previous technologies that might mitigate that to try and re-establish effective possible in our system reducing backend improving quality and maximizing our productivity reducing cost. Now going back to Colider, we should not expect much or an answer in conclusion in the short-term, am I right? Unidentified Company Representative No. On the contrary, there is decision, this board decision of anticipated guardian or trust that should happen, we expect to have an answer of the deliberation still this year that is what we expect. Thank you. Operator Our next question is from Mr. Marcello Scott from UBS. Unidentified Analyst Thank you all. I would like to go back to cut out questions. I understood that you had 20% of contracted energy and that contract increase in the long year, when you say that you have no energy available to sell, is that because they want to have a buffer for GSF or may be a protection for Colíder or other power plants that might be delayed, that is my first question thank you? Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna Good afternoon Marcello, yes, that is yes, we have certain amount of contracted energy and we are saving time for a buffer for the GSF for taxes in the next year and just to cover Colíder that should just become operational and in the midst of next year okay. And what you have in terms of forecast of GSF for next year and another question, if you have a favorable decision about Colíder, if you get this waiver from now, do you understand that you could have an offset which in theory you have already said in terms of energy, so do you understand that you could have some type of exemption because of what is already paid for. Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna Can you please repeat your question? Yes, the first question is GSF for 2016 and my second question is that if you have a favorable decision about what you have already paid in terms of penalty. Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna Okay, our expectation for GSF in 2016 is of 84% more or less that’s an average for the year, and decision about Colíder will redirect our strategy related to the amount of energy we have for 2016 depending on the decision where we will have a favorable expectation about what we have requested and obviously that could place us in a more comfortable situation in terms of energy for next year and we could look for commercialization. Unidentified Analyst So just confirming, you expect 84% of GSF for 2016 right? Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna Yes. Operator Our next question is from Ms. Lilyanna Yang from UBS. Ms. Lilyanna? Lilyanna Yang Thank you for this opportunity. Good afternoon everyone. About Copel Distribuição, can you tell us a little bit, what you expect to have in terms of demand for next year and were you short or long in managing distribution for this year? And can you talk about the recurring of EBITDA for the next year, I want to understand if you have a specific program, some specific effort to reduce your PMSO that’s around R$80 million higher than the regulatory levels? Second question about your dividend policy do you intend to pay on the net income, I would like to have an idea about the capital structure because now we’re showing 2.5 times higher net for EBITDA. Thank you. Luiz Eduardo da Veiga Sebastiani Lilyanna, this is Sebastiani. Lilyanna, can you repeat your question especially the one related to the distributor? Lilyanna Yang Of course, about distribution, I would like to have an idea of specific measures you would have to reduce the level of operating cost that team has sold now R$280 million higher than what would be the target regulatory level? And can you give us perspective of volume and demand for next year and is in this year now that you have an exposure or with the surplus of energy at Copel Distribuição because I’m trying to understand the result of the third quarter in addition to the items that have been mentioned by you on the beginning? Luiz Eduardo da Veiga Sebastiani Thank you very much, Lilyanna. Good afternoon, Lilyanna. The distributor will keep on working to reduce cost especially now in a more adjusted manner because of the no contract that is under analysis on our side and obviously some rules have been added and the distributor will adjust itself to comply with the concession contract, that show that the measures that are providing results are compliant with the contract. So we will keep on following the same path. About contracting energy, so far that this year is not exposed and is within the regulatory condition. Lilyanna Yang What about the demand? Can you tell us anything about it? Luiz Eduardo da Veiga Sebastiani About the demand and consumption we have seen a movement because of economic scenario of the country that is reflecting on the energy consumption as well as with a strong impact on the residential market because of the tariff increase. It is a natural movement, but in our market in Parana, we have seen a low retraction and we expect to see a recovery after 2016 when [indiscernible] starts moving again and considering that Parana has an agro-industrial area that is strong in with mechanism to mitigate impact. Lilyanna Yang Okay, the second question is for Mr. Sebastiani that is related to the dividend levels. Luiz Eduardo da Veiga Sebastiani Thank you very much, Lilyanna. There are no chances in the payout policy of the company. We are at a very interesting level wanting companies that are found and even that we might have an increase in the dark because leverage and investments. We have not concluded the need of payout operations right now. Thank you. Operator Please wait while we wait for more questions. Our next question is from Carolina Carneiro, Santander. Ms. Carolina. Carolina Carneiro I am sorry it got disconnected. I just would like to add a question to my prior question. What is under your assumption, is it 0.84 is that for next year? What type of the demand drop are you working with to reach the figure in considering that you foresee a GSF so high for 2016? Just to make it clear this was though was not able to listen, I got disconnected earlier on. But why are you not considering with the Provisional Measure 688 with the final — its final terms? So what would you have to change in the provisional measure, so do you see any possible changes to it so that you would consider being complaint about GSF for 2016? Unidentified Company Representative We estimate an instability from now on. In terms of the demand, we should not have significant changes in our forecast and of course that this figure takes into consideration that you’re are not able to recover reservoirs such as a southeast even if we have a good rainy season, if not able to recover that trap we expect that this recovery should happen in a longer term. So we still believe on the possibility of having a GSF very low for next year. About Provisional Measure 688, since we have most agents and that provisional measure and the part of it that talks about has a hydrological risk for non-contracted energy in the ACR in the regulated contracted environment the proposal and the current proposal really does not please use, does not please Copel, and I can tell you that it does not believe most of the generators agents, and of course, we have not made a final decision yet in terms of that situation. We’re doing our math and obviously we request that more openly soon. But there is nothing that I can tell you right now, the way that is being placed — a set for non-contracted energy. Does not – the decisions has not been made. We’re [indiscernible] all studies to make a final decision. Yes, we of course sees the possibility of having a final proposal of change from the government. Well obviously the measure is still under evolving. There is a possibility of some adjustment done to it, but we do not believe in major changes there. We do not expect to have important and relevant changes in what has already proposed in that provisional measure. Thank you very much. Do you have an expectation for a long-term contract…. Carolina Carneiro Do you have an expectation for a long-term contract to price? How many — I’m sorry five yes, it could be five years? Yes, you have a stronger commercialization, I don’t know how liquidity is, but do you have a price expectation for three, five years? Unidentified Company Representative Carolina, we are working internally following strategies of the company and — it will not be wise to disclose that information was more objective data available. So we will keep our internal work being done about that information, and I apologize for not being able to tell you more. Thank you very much. Operator If there are no further questions, I would like to turn before to the company or management for final remarks. Luiz Fernando Leone Vianna This is Luiz Fernando Vianna, and my final remarks are that the sectorial crisis will impact the companies and the sector. We’re taking all measures needed to mitigate great crisis and in spite of the results we believe that we have been able to successful [indiscernible] and we expect that Provisional Measure 688 that should be appro1ved next week and we expect it will help us unlock the short-term market, because it’s totally strong. And that prioritization ends up worsening the crisis. But maybe the sector has to grow through this problem to find a solution and then have the market going back to work. And that’s all we have to say, thank you very much. Operator The conference call of Copel has concluded. Thank you very much for your participation and have a nice afternoon.

E.ON (ENAKF) Q3 2015 Results – Earnings Call Transcript

Executives Anke Groth – Head of Investor Relations Michael Sen – Chief Financial Officer Analysts Lawson Steele – Berenberg Bank Vincent Gilles – Credit Suisse Bobby Chada – Morgan Stanley Nathalie Casali – J.P. Morgan Andreas Thielen – MainFirst Bank AG Peter Bisztyga – Bank of America Merrill Lynch Alberto Ponti – Société Générale Deepa Venkateswaran – Bernstein Global Wealth Management E.ON SE ( OTCQX:ENAKF ) Q3 2015 Earnings Conference Call November 11, 2015 5:00 AM ET Operator Dear, ladies and gentlemen, welcome to the E.ON Nine Months Results Conference Call. At our customer’s request, this conference will be recorded. As a reminder, all participants will be in a listen-only mode. After the presentation, there will be an opportunity to ask questions. [Operator Instructions] May I now hand you over to Mrs. Anke Groth, who will lead you through this conference. Please go ahead, Madam. Anke Groth Thank you. Dear analysts and investors, good morning, and welcome also from my side. Michael Sen, our CFO, will not only talk about the details of our results, but will also touch upon relevant events since we spoke to you last time. We suggest to close the call 10 minutes before 11:00 AM UK time, to leave sufficient time for those of you honoring the Armistice Day. Therefore, we also propose a limited number of two questions for every active participant. All remaining questions can be directed to the IR team after the call. But first, over to you, Michael. Michael Sen Thank you, Anke. A warm welcome also from my side to our nine months results presentation. I guess, we can all concur that Q3 calendar 2015 has been quite an eventful quarter for all – with all the discussions around the draft of nuclear liability law and the stress test of nuclear provisions. Consequently, we had quite a busy quarter, not only executing on our spin, but also adapting the transaction structure, furthermore focusing our portfolio and closing our books incorporating the already-announced impairment. To get us started, let me first give you a snapshot of the nine-month results. Financially, we came in pretty much in line with expectation. We continue to see no support from the economic and regulatory environment. Hence, also this quarter had its challenges. Wholesale power prices in our markets prolonged their negative price trends. So did oil and gas prices, which have stayed low, oil below $50 per barrel and gas around €17 per megawatt hour. FX also, in part, had its adverse effects, namely the ruble which was at RUB67 per euro. In terms of earnings, EBITDA contracted by €1.2 billion or 18% in the first nine months versus prior year, while underlying net income benefited below the line in absolute terms hence being down €400 million year over year. Bottom-line earnings per share also declined by €0.22 a share. Operating cash flow down 23% against prior year, yet, came in strong with a cash conversion rate of 107%. Looking at the balance sheet, the economic net debt reduced nicely by €5.3 billion compared to year-end levels of 2014. In Q3, we had to book one-off charges of €8.3 billion. This represents the lion’s share of the already flagged impairment. By this we have depreciated all of the goodwill within the segment generation. Adding to this, we have also impaired assets in that segment in the area of €1.6 billion. Hence, the segment generation accounts for 70% of the total figure. The second largest impact was in the E&P segment, where €1.6 billion of the impairment took place. Of the total €8.3 billion figure, goodwill accounts for around €5.3 billion, roughly 65%. On the operational and business development side, there was good progress. The spinoff is right on track. Uniper is now a stand-alone legal entity and we’ve completed the transfer of several businesses. Up until now, all milestones have been reached as planned. Currently, we’re working flat out on the information most relevant to you guys, i.e., we focus on the combined financials in order to be ready around March next year. Besides that, we kicked off the draft for the prospectus, as well as the equity stories for both companies. Latter will be provided at the Capital Markets Day scheduled early May including comprehensive information on future E.ON and Uniper. Coming back to current business developments, there are a lot of good things happening. Our offshore wind parks, Humber Gateway and Amrumbank, are fully operational; so is our lignite power plant, Berezovskaya in Russia, finally. We have further focused our portfolio on the core and agreed on selling our E& P activities in Norway for a, what we deem, attractive price. In the Renewables space, we have also found another partner taking a 24.9% participation in our next offshore wind park project, Rampion. All-in-all, a decent quarter, as expected and solid nine months. As a result, we are confirming – reconfirming, our expectations for 2015. Coming to Chart 2, as you know on October 10 the independent stress test report on E.ON’s nuclear provisions was released. Despite a lot of unnecessary and unfounded speculation the report very much confirmed what we knew. Basically, the outside auditor reported that our provision estimates and cost estimates are adequate and properly calculated; and more important, accounted for. This has been a key critical milestone. Another crucial finding was that the asset side is sufficient to cover the liabilities, also for the scenarios covered by the audit report. Equally important, the German Economic Minister stated that he considers the German utilities provision to be within the appropriate range. We’ve said, all along, that our estimates were based on very stringent and transparent assumptions. The discount rate and cost estimates i.e., E.ON’s real discount rate of about 4.7% is pretty well in line compared to other geographies and other companies. One might even say it is conservative. So let me summarize. Our nuclear profit provisions are fully appropriate and correct. This is also confirmed by the report. Our cost estimates are realistically and prudently calculated. This stress test has been handed over to the newly formed Government Commission. Hence, it will now form one data point – one single data point, which flows into the work of the nuclear commission. We understand that the commission shall give its recommendations to the government by February next year. We look forward to an open and constructive dialog on this topic as we move along. Now, let’s look into the details of the nine months EBITDA on Chart 3. As indicated earlier, €5.4 billion, the number is roughly in line with the indicated full-year trends. There are few timing effects or reclassifications from prior-year period. For example, these numbers are based on a pro-forma adjusted 2014 basis. Meantime, we decided not to sell our regional unit Italy, resulting in a reclassification of discontinued operations, which now only reflects the disposal of regional unit Spain, and hence, affect the 2014 first nine months by €100 million. We also transferred a wholesale business from regional unit Germany into global commodities, resulting in a €50 million change to both businesses. I guess as expected, the biggest items on EBITDA year-over-year were the power price decline and the volume effect. Pricing weakness accounts for more than half the figure, with prices for the outright power generated in Central Europe as well as the Nordic markets, down €6 per megawatt hour. Decreased volumes in our nuclear generations are due to lower production from Ringhals 2 in Sweden, as well as the shutdown of Grafenrheinfeld in Germany. This was only partly compensated by higher volumes from Swedish hydro. No surprise that weak oil and gas prices hit our E&P operations, as did the Yuzhno-Russkoye gas field developments. We got some tailwind from currency changes in UK or the UK pound and the US dollar. If it comes to volume for the full year, we expect it to be roughly about the neighborhood of what we’ve seen in 2014. The €300 million disposal effect is mainly related to the disposal of our Spanish and Italian generation and renewables activities, also including lower earnings in generation Italy for the first half, when the business was still consolidated. In the underlying, you may recall that global commodities was mentioned here as a factor providing support mainly driven by gas optimization. As we’ve actually seen a rather weak Q3 compared to 2014, this has come off the initial €100 million positive effect mentioned by us at earlier stages. Adding to this there is by now a sizable negative intra-year effect, which has accumulated with regards to our CO2 hedging. This effect is actually relating back to a strong earnings swing during 2014. As you know the financial settlement of our CO2 hedges happened in one go in December. In the course of 2014, the intra-year earnings of global commodity were strongly benefiting from low CO2 spot prices compared to our hedges. This then, turned around in the isolated Q4 2014 with December hedge settlement. In a way, we had an unusual strong nine months in calendar 2014, which then evened out in Q4 calendar 2014. This year the differential between the CO2 spot price and the average price of our hedges is not significant, so that last year’s development is not repeated and year-over-year, we see a large negative delta of €200 million in the first nine months, which will then unwind in Q4. In other words, I expect global commodities to have a very strong Q4. In our non-EU segment, we’ve seen improvement in our Turkish operation in Enerjisa, this was more than offset by lower earnings from Russia, driven by the ruble weakness and other events at Surgutskaya and Berezovskaya sites. All in all, this segment was down €200 million, versus Q3 last year. We also saw lower earnings in our group management consolidation line, driven by several effects of largely one-off character. On the plus side we commissioned major sites during Q3. Amrumbank and Humber are fully producing. Maasvlakte is also running in a stable manner. In total, the positive contribution of new capacities for the first nine months has amounted to around €100 million. Berezovskaya has passed its most critical 72 hour test and is now receiving its capacity payment. The additional earnings contribution will be seen in Q4. Earnings in Germany have expanded nicely, in line with our full year guidance, driven by better gross margin in the non-regulated business and benefitting from positive weather effect for the first two quarters. Noteworthy, cost reduction measures have been ramping up again, after taking a breath in the first half. You will see more by year-end, as we are aiming to show you a positive net cost reduction of €100 million. Moving further down the P&L into underlying net income, you see the interplay between our EBITDA number and underlying net income, as I mentioned earlier. The €1.2 billion contraction in EBITDA did not drop through entirely, and was buffered by the items below the line. Again, as a reminder, all numbers on this chart reflect the pro forma adjustment for the discontinued operations in Spain. For the underlying net income, the pro forma adjustment amounted to €46 million. Depreciation came down by almost €250 million, driven by our disposals. These were comprised of assets in Italy held for sale, and this deconsolidation effect for those Spanish and Italian assets, which have already been sold. The second driver was our large impairment from last year. For the full year, we expect depreciation to come down significantly, roughly in line what we guided at the start of this year. The effects in forcing the drop are the disposal group treatment, the accounting treatment, of the Norwegian E&P assets and this year’s large impairment. Economic interest expense improved by €128 million to €1.1 billion, yet hardly any movement in the isolated Q3. Key component of this improvement, as we have mentioned at the first half, is an increase of discount rates for the other long term provisions in the second quarter. I had alluded to this already, when we had the half year reporting. Our tax rate has increased compared to the half year reporting stage, now at around 34%, up from 27%. We all need to understand the nature of this, this is important. As you know, we use our current full year tax rate expectation as best proxy for the tax rate at the reporting stage. So what has changed in our estimate, compared to when we reported H1 results? We now are expecting an impairment of tax assets in the fourth quarter. This impairment is tied to a revaluation of deferred tax assets and primarily, driven by the revised projections related to the restructurings under 122 [ph]. In light of this, we don’t see this effect as recurrent in nature. And basically, the assumption going forward is that we still have an underlying tax rate of 25% to 30% also in the medium term. The non-controlling interests are in line with our expectation for the full year, slightly lower. Now let’s move from book earnings to cash earnings. On chart 5, we showed the development of the operating cash flow, reconciled from EBITDA, essentially a cash conversion chart, where we add back all non-cash elements. During the reporting period, these amounted to €1.5 billion. €1.7 billion, i.e. over 100% of this figure is related to provision buildup. It is over 100%, because we also adjust for items that are positively impacting EBITDA, but are non-cash. Examples for this would be equity results for participations, where we do not receive a dividend for book gains booked in EBITDA. Obviously, the most prominent elements in this provision are provisions for CO2 needed for our fossil fleet, provisions for renewable obligation certificates, pension provisions, personnel provisions, and others. As the majority of these provisions are related to our normal course of business and are somewhat recurrent in nature, they are subject to regular utilization and, therefore, cash out. For the first nine months this provision utilization amounted to €2.3 billion. The key factor explaining the large difference between the provision utilization and the provision buildup is the nuclear phase out. With regards to German nuclear we are by now adding only minor amount of provisions via the EBITDA line, every year, related to additional spend on fuel rods, but are actually already utilizing them to quite some extent. The figure, which we have been announcing when we were elaborating on the change of transaction structure, roughly €500 million to €600 million. The €1.5 billion net positive effect resulting from working capital movement is mainly driven by our two regional units, Germany and UK. In these cases, there are strong seasonalities, for which we will see partially compensating effects in the fourth quarter, i.e., I do expect a significant buildup of receivables in the regional entities for year-end. It is our view that the still high cash conversion of the first nine months, of 107% will convert to a more normal figure for the full year, based as I said, mainly on the seasonality in our business, and expected changes in working capital. Taking this into account, we expect to land in the upper part of our normal range for the cash conversion of 60% to 70% for the full year. In terms of balance sheet quality, the economic net debt continued to shrink during the third quarter. A strong cash balance, divestments and lower pension provision have driven our economic net debt down by €5.3 billion, compared to year-end 2014 level. Here are the main elements driving this development. In light of the cash conversion performance, our cash balance is still €2.3 billion and very strong, even though two-thirds of the planned full-year CapEx have by now been spent. The nine months operating cash flow of €5.7 billion has hence largely exceeded the CapEx and the dividend spend. Just to remind you, €900 million of dividend comprises our own dividend payment for the fixed €0.50 per share, adjusted for the 37% scrip pickup, plus, the dividend payment to minority shareholders such as our shareholders in E.ON Russia. Our CapEx has now reached €2.7 billion with the third quarter contributing over a fourth of the planned full-year budget. This still leaves us with around €1.5 billion to be spent in the fourth quarter, which is in line with normal seasonality, because, as you know, we tend to have CapEx more geared to the second half of the year. Our future E.ON businesses were responsible for 70% of this CapEx spend. Uniper businesses account for €600 million. This still includes CapEx for two major large generation projects, which are being finalized this year, Maasvlakte and Berezovskaya. The €2.4 billion of divestments are basically unchanged since our H1 reporting, and are mainly attributable to our disposal of the Spanish activities, as well as the Italian solar business. The bulk of the remainder is related to the sale of our remaining stake in E.ON energy from waste. The pension obligation came down by €1 billion, compared to year-end 2014. While the CTA funding has obviously helped, the lion’s share of this improvement can be attributed to the application of a higher discount rate for the German provision, 60 base points, due to higher benchmark bond yields. We have seen an improvement in the others position compared to the half-year status. This is largely related to the disposal of North Sea E&P and the reduction in asset retirement obligation attached to this. Beyond that, the other position still comprises a list of smaller effects such as, for example, changes in shareholder loans and several FX effects. But it also includes €400 million of CTA funding. For the remainder of 2015, there are three important things to observe. Yes, EBITDA-wise Q4 tends to be somewhat stronger, a stronger quarter, but the cash conversion rate will be materially lower for the fourth quarter mainly based on working capital buildup, as I already mentioned. We are expecting a meaningful cash outflow, which potentially could slip into next year as well. Also Q4 is pretty heavy when we talk about spending on CapEx. Taken together, these two would probably result in a negative cash balance in the fourth quarter. So assuming nothing big happens on the provision side of things, with the current low interest environment, there could logically also be somewhat downward pressure on the nuclear discount rate, when we close our accounts year-end. Cash in from disposals, obviously, will play a big role in the fourth quarter and will have their impact on the economic net debt. Here we expect the cash in from E&P and the Italian hydro disposals, both sales expected to close around year-end. With the nine months behind us, we are confirming our outlook ranges for EBITDA at €7 billion to €7.6 billion; and underlying net income at €1.4 billion to €1.8 billion. We are comfortable with these ranges, which take into account some risks, for example, the slight COD delay of our Berezovskaya plant, as well as the continued volatility in commodity and currency markets. All-in-all, a somewhat decent quarter, mainly on the things we can control. Wind projects have come on stream. Our nuclear provisions have passed the stress test, and the transaction is moving forward full steam. Let me conclude on a personal note. By now, I have met and spoken with many of you. As we move further along on E.ON’s timeline, I’m looking forward to being even more active and engage with investors on equity and debt side. Let me hand it over to Anke now, and then we are available for questions. Anke Groth Thank you very much, Michael. Yes, let’s open the Q&A session. And as I said before, please limit yourself to two questions. Question-and-Answer Session Operator We will now begin our question-and-answer session. [Operator Instructions] One moment, please, for the first question. The first question comes from the line of Lawson Steele of Berenberg. Please go ahead, sir. Lawson Steele Yes, thank you. Good morning, everybody. Two questions, obviously first of all, could you walk us through how you think about the dividend of E.ON rump? You’ve been obviously very clear on Uniper that it will be set – based on cash flow rather than earnings. But on the E.ON rump, could you give me a sense of what time period you take into account when setting the dividends? So in other words, do you look at the balance sheet, cash flow and earnings progression over the next three to five years or so, or do you think even longer term, taking into account, for example, the nuclear disbursements over the next 20 to 30 years, say? And secondly, I’m just interested in how you were thinking about the splits. Obviously, originally you were designed to have a stable business on the one side under the heading of E.ON rump and a commodity exposed business in the shape of Uniper. Now, of course, you had to introduce the German nuclear back into E.ON rump, so you’re going to have a commodity exposure there, which wasn’t originally envisaged as well as the provision of uncertainties – provision on uncertainties which go with it. Did you at that point consider stopping the split process, or did you feel that you simply couldn’t, because you had built up so much momentum? Or is it that these two feel there is a significant fundamental difference between the two companies? Maybe you could just elaborate a bit on that. Thank you. Michael Sen Well, thank you for the first question. Well, on the dividend, I guess, as we mentioned, we talk about the dividend when we cross the bridge, and this is obviously for next year. As in policy, you are right, as in positioning. Uniper obviously will be highly geared towards high payouts based more on some sort of a free cash flow number. For E.ON, we will come back to you when we disclose the equity story. It would be premature to already give you too many hints on that one as we are still working on things. The split as such makes all the sense of the world, because we believe that two energy worlds are converging. And the split has never been initiated to get rid of nuclear or something like that. Basically, as you said there is one very big thermal central generation commodity-exposed business. And then there’s another business which has, as you said, stable regulatory asset base, but concurrently also a renewables asset base and growing, in the future more important customer solutions space. So this is a portfolio, which needs to be balanced and which needs to be managed, and then obviously yielding in sufficient returns in order to allocate capital. So the spin is intact. We never thought of calling off the spin, because that would in turn mean that we don’t believe in the fundamentals of the industry any more, that two energy worlds would converge. Now, I think we elaborated last time and during the last couple of months, what was the nature of changing the transaction structure and keeping the German nuclear at E.ON, because other than that we would not have been able to pursue our strategy. Yet, I also gave the market some feelings, what it means near and medium term in terms of net income and in terms of cash flow that in essence it has almost no effect. It just makes the balance sheet longer. Lawson Steele Okay. Thank you. Can I just come back to the first question? And, I appreciate obviously your sort of don’t want to give too much way. But I’m just interested to know how you think about the dividend. Do you think about it in terms of the next five years or do you think about it in the next 20 years, say? Michael Sen I would probably not go that far to say I would think about the next 20 years. I would think about medium term, short and medium term. Usually short term is when you think about next year and that is highly dependable on what you earn. So we first of all have to see whatever we have in our books at that point in time. Medium term is, obviously, more about what are the guidelines, the framing conditions, and this is also the period where we would have our considerations. How do we position E.ON going forward, new E.ON, in terms of dividend? I mean, obviously, there will be dividend, but what will be the level of the payouts and what will be the level of reinvestment. Lawson Steele Okay, thank you very much. Operator The next question comes from Vincent Gilles of Credit Suisse. Please go ahead, sir. Vincent Gilles Yes, good morning, everyone. Question on impairment, could you help us with the assumptions that you’re using for these impairment tests? Obviously, I’m referring to future power prices, commodity prices. I know it’s very complex, but if you could give us a feeling for what you had in mind, what your people had in mind when they did the work. And incidentally, is there anything for Ringhals in this impairment? And the second question is very simple. You gave us a range for the tax rate for the year. Could you be a bit narrow in the range? Can you help us a bit more with the tax rate? Michael Sen Yes, I think the tax rate now is the tax rate which we reported now, because the logic with which we imply the tax rate is that we already anticipate, if you so wish the full year tax rate and then apply it to the quarter. So that would be the full year tax rate, which we have. Now, going forward, I said underlying as a normalized sort of tax rate, if you don’t have one-offs and this clearly is a one-off. It’s not a structural topic, this is a one-off, because of the one to two transactions, where things had been moving from left to right and deferred tax assets had been popping up, which had to be impaired again. So, on an underlying basis I still assume the 25% to 30%. I would have a hard time to narrow that one down, because it’s highly dependent on many, many other items. So – now, on the impairment, as you know – on the impairment, as you know, that this is driven by really long term – this has nothing to do with what we see in forward curves, right. Forward curves you see in liquid markets, you see on your screen. This is about long term projections, which are then applied on testing the recoverability on long-lived assets. Now, to give you a hint, because I can’t walk you through now on every commodity item and which price we now assume in 2025 or 2027, which by the way, I don’t have at the top of my head, but we had or did also backtest this one to all the studies out there, all reputable studies. So there with many studies like [CERA, Perie] [ph] and many, many, many others. So if you take all of them and take their projections, we are, so to say, in the midst of their projections. So this gives you a flavor, a little bit, if you can get hold of these studies. In terms of Ringhals, the negotiation as we talk is ongoing and, therefore, closing for Q3 happened a couple of weeks ago, days ago actually, right? So there’s nothing for Ringhals in the impairment I have been alluding to with the €8.3 billion. But if you heard me say that this is the lion’s share of what we flagged earlier, when we talked about the high single-digit amount. So out of technical reasons are the things we could not eventually – because the business reason wasn’t material enough. There will be another spillover of roughly €500 million in Q4 in terms of impairment. Vincent Gilles Thank you very much. Operator The next question comes from the line of Bobby Chada of Morgan Stanley. Please go ahead. Bobby Chada Thank you. Two questions, so the first is, Michael, you ran through some numbers earlier in your presentation that – but they were a little fast for me. Can you give us a little bit more color on where you see the financial expense and depreciation ending up for 2015? And then, the second question was after a few months now of having your feet under the table, are there any bits of the organization as you look at it now that you can see opportunities to sharpen things up further? Or alternatively, bits of the organization where with your experience you think you need to add more people or systems? Michael Sen Yes, look, on the depreciation side of things, I mean, you’re obviously referring to what comes below the line. I said that I expect larger alleviation or buffering from depreciation. That means in Q4 we will see materially lower depreciation compared to last fiscal – to last calendar Q4, because of the E&P effect of the accounting effect. So you cannot take the run rate which you see on depreciation. You have to significantly hike up the improvement on the depreciation side. And, on the financial expense side, I’d say this is roughly in line. Yet, there could be, there could be some – we always have to watch the interest rate development, if interest rates – because in the interest expense line you have all long-term liabilities. Now, if interest rates – and there is pressure to go more to the lower end – then you will see some uptick on that one, i.e., the improvement will be a little buffered away, but the main item will be the depreciation. Anke Groth Bobby, your second question was around the organization, if we need to add more people or systems, or if we are in a stable and steady state? Bobby Chada Yes. Michael Sen Yes, look, at first I think, Bobby, we currently have to get the spin done. The organization is pretty much busy getting the split done and getting from one end to the other, and creating Uniper and then creating new E.ON. Now, in terms of how is this going to pan out going forward, I mean, I don’t want to go too far, because Uniper management at some point in time has to present their equity story to you guys. But I think it goes without saying that you have – that they will have to have a high cash flow focus and, concurrently, a high cost focus. They will have to tell you guys, how they see their cost structure vis-à-vis their new setup, which is a different setup than being part of a larger conglomerate. And that’s why I say, I don’t want to go too far, it’s their story, but us also being a shareholder going forward, not only 100% in the near term, but in the midterm an essential shareholder, I would expect that we talk about very sort of appropriate cost structures, given that you have a new set-up for that entity. For E.ON, by the way, this whole rigor I talked about, when I talked to you the first time, getting more market into the company and getting into a continuous improvement, also on the cost side will be key. We all know that a split like that, at first, creates some dis-synergies, obviously on the cost side, because suddenly you need two accounting departments, you need two IT departments, you need two HR departments, and the like. So going forward, in our industry I think it is clear that we also need to focus next to capital allocation on cost efficiency. The only thing I would say is that you do this in a more continuous improvement manner and not go with the hammer through with specific programs, and taking management consultants and so forth. This was probably necessary in the past, other than that the sector would not have survived. But going forward, it has to go more into a continuous improvement mode, and I think we all have the levers in place to do that. Bobby Chada Great. Thank you. Operator The next question comes from the line of Nathalie Casali of J.P. Morgan. Please go ahead. Nathalie Casali Hi, good morning. A question from me on the impact of the impairment from D&A. And is it fair to assume that roughly €3 billion of PT [ph] impairments will lead to about €150 million reduction in D&A from 2016 onwards? And the second question is a very small question on the provision reversal in the German supply business. Can you just give some details on that? Thank you. Michael Sen Okay. Let me first of all take your first question. Rightfully, you said the asset impairment as such is roughly €3 billion out of the €8.3 billion but the assumption –would not concur to the assumption that it is, what did you say, €120 million or something like that? It is more in the neighborhood of – north of €50 million. The E&P business had major impairments – major, major impairments. Actually, the E&P business had, I said that in the press call, an impairment of roughly €1 billion and that asset will leave our company, all fingers crossed, if we get the closing done in Q4, which by the way, will have a positive impact if and when we get it done on the economic net debt. Anke Groth Could you repeat your second question, Nathalie, please, and welcome back, by the way. Nathalie Casali Thank you, thank you. Yes, it was just about the reversal of this provision in the German non-regulated business in Q3. I expect it’s small, but I just wanted an indication. Michael Sen The indication was – I’d say if you take roughly €30 million-ish. Nathalie Casali Okay. Thank you. Michael Sen And this was – I guess you are referring to the German heat. It’s a biomass topic and it’s roughly €30 million and this had the increase on EBITDA. Nathalie Casali Okay. Thanks very much. Operator The next question comes from the line of Andreas Thielen of MainFirst. Please go ahead. Andreas Thielen Yes, good morning. Firstly, with your guidance on the economic net debt for the full year, could you help us a little bit understanding the dimension of the reversal in working capital? And as a second element, you mentioned that there might be some consideration on the discount rate for nuclear provisions for the full year. Is there anything you can give us in terms of sensitivity or direction there? That would be helpful. And secondly, on the operational business, I noted that – although that might sound small as well, I noted that there has been some considerable improvement in Q3 in the spread business in generation. Is that an ongoing trend where you benefit, basically, from markets getting more short term there, or what has been the driver? Thank you. Michael Sen Okay. Let me start with your first question on economic net debt. Look, I think you see on the chart what’s driving the economic net debt today. It’s the high operating cash flow, and then against that goes the investment of €2.7 billion. Now, for the full year how would I guide you through that? If you take our EBITDA guidance, which is €7.6 billion, and you would take something like a midpoint €7.3 billion, €7.4 billion. And you would apply the cash conversion rate I have been guiding to earlier, and I said at the upper end, like [Technical Difficulty] and so you would see that out of operating cash flow, I do not expect any big movement for year-end. So the operating cash flow would on the contrary, probably not be €5.7 billion, but rather a little lower. Then again – but only a little lower. Then again the investments to date, €2.7 billion, we guided the market for €4.4 billion, I told in my speech another €1.5 billion going against the economic net debt. And against that €1.5 billion, so if you say the operating cash flow is almost awash and against the €1.5 billion negative on investments we get from divestments [Technical Difficulty] and then we also expect the hydro and this is almost awash. And then, everything staying equal, I would be – if there’s no big movement on interest rates, we should be in the neighborhood where we are today. In Q4, what we do expect on the operating cash flow is the working capital is going to reverse tremendously. That’s why I mentioned I expect cash out – major cash out for CO2 certificates. I expect receivable buildup; this is calendar yearend for every customer facing regional entity. So what you usually do, you post revenues and then your receivables go up and this goes against your working capital. These are the items driving the whole thing. Now, your second question was? Andreas Thielen The second question was just – firstly, if I could, on the first question, just shortly, the – anything in terms of sensitivity or indication on the nuclear provision side? Michael Sen Yes, that’s what I wanted to say. This is – you’re right, it’s part of the first question, because the arrows are also there. For Q4, I do not expect major movements. Now, that this thing is highly sensitive to interest rates, I think this you could see in the stress test, which you could download from the Minister of Economics, that if you play around with the interest rate by 100 basis points, this just moves a lot on the tail end. But now, near term, for the Q4, I do not expect major movements. So, your third question was? Andreas Thielen Just on if there has anything changed in the underlying business in spread generation, i.e., coal and gas, if you have more benefits from short term prices there or balancing power? Michael Sen No. Andreas Thielen Okay. Thank you. Operator The next question comes from Peter Bisztyga of Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Please go ahead. Peter Bisztyga Yes, good morning. Just one question from me about the impact of the recent decline in wholesale gas prices. Can you sort of elaborate how quickly you expect that feed through into your remaining E&P asset, which I guess is Yuzhno-Russkoye, and also through your midstream and downstream gas activities, please? Michael Sen Yes, hi, Peter. First of all, you always have some sort of, how could I say, a two months delay. But what we have seen in E&P, obviously, was already pressure year-over-year by – also on Yuzhno-Russkoye by the negative buffer price of roughly €50 million, in that neighborhood. And obviously, with a specific time-lag you would see the pressure of the gas prices in there. So in E&P you have the pressure from the gas price, you have the much bigger pressure from the oil price, which is in the neighborhood north of €200 million. Against that, we have positive FX impact. And as I told you for year – for the full year we expect volumes to be holding up, but the gas price, clearly, and the oil price is much bigger, and having an impact going forward, so that also in Q4 you will see some impact. Peter Bisztyga I’m sorry, on your midstream activities, please? Michael Sen No. There I would not see any impact right now. I mean, there we would have come back to you. Peter Bisztyga Okay. Thank you. Operator The next question comes from the line of Alberto Ponti of Société Générale. Please go ahead. Alberto Ponti Yes, good morning. Just a quick update, one on – is on the state of the play with the nuclear fuel tax, your sort of latest thoughts as to when this may happen? And also, your thoughts on the rest of the E&P business, UK and Russia, is it going to stay with the group, or you’re thinking otherwise? Thank you. Michael Sen Rest of the which business? Anke Groth Turkey [ph] and Russia stay with the group or getting out of it… Michael Sen Turkey goes to new E.ON, and Russia goes to Uniper. That’s the split logic. And on nuclear fuel tax, we can basically keep it short. The court decided to come up with their decision later. We were expecting it to happen this calendar year. Now they pushed it into next year, and there’s nothing much we can say about that one. Alberto Ponti Yes – sorry, my question was more about, are you going to keep or sell E&P assets, the remainder? Michael Sen So E&P assets, keep or sell, look these, no, the Russian asset, the gas field, the Yuzhno-Russkoye gas field goes to Uniper, there is no intention to sell that. It’s actually a very attractive asset, by the way, and paying very attractive dividends, where E.ON is also today benefiting, and will hopefully benefit going forward. On the E&P North Sea, we said it’s under strategic review. One asset has been reviewed, and it’s already transacted upon. The other one, the UK one, we’ll update you as we go along. Alberto Ponti Thank you. Anke Groth So I think we are running out of time. Maybe we could add a couple of minutes, but no longer. Otherwise, we will get problem with the minute of silence. But Deepa, please go ahead and maybe you could limit yourself to the most important question? Deepa Venkateswaran Thank you. This is Deepa from Bernstein. I have one follow-up question from earlier on, and one new one. So in terms of net debt you basically said that you expect to stay where you are on net debt, barring any big movements in the discount rate. Could you clarify whether that was including the disposal proceeds from Italian Hydro and Norway? A second question is really on the Nuclear Commission. What are your expectations, process-wise and outcome-wise? Michael Sen Yes, Deepa. The first one is short, yes, it includes it. That one buffers the investment which will go out in Q4, which is – has the lion’s share in Q4, €1.5 billion of CapEx still to be spent in Q4. And against that go the proceeds of hydro and E&P, so yes. Nuclear Commission, well I wouldn’t – I said it all along during the road shows in the last couple of weeks. We have passed the stress test, this was an important milestone, also in the way it was positioned. It was an important milestone, yet it goes into the next process where the Nuclear Commission is working. And by the way, the stress is confirmed. It is important to again stress that it confirmed everything which we had accounted for. Everyone else also, but for us, obviously, it’s important what happens to us. Now the commission takes this as an input, I said one data point. It’s not the data point, it’s one data point. The commission will come up with a proposal, already said they’re going to come out in February, initially they said in January, but I guess they need some time to work. And then it is in the decision making of the minister, and probably Office of the Chancellor, to come up with the solution. They will also make a proposal. A minister positioned it in a way that the commission will come up with a proposal, and he is going to look at it. Now, the way we’re going to deal with it is, we’re going to work intensely and constructively, like, by the way, we did with the stress test, and make our point clear. But it’s too premature, and I think it would not be prudent to come up with any speculation right now as to what the outcome would be. That would be rather detrimental. In the press call, I also heard a lot of buzz words from funds and trusts and what have you. At the end of the day, it all depends, right? It’s what you read in all the terms and conditions attached to a solution, what it really means. But I think it’s too premature to spill out something from our side. We will be happy to chip in to contribute, which will happen, they already invited us. And then, we will talk with them behind closed doors, or maybe even open doors if it’s a public hearing. Deepa Venkateswaran Thank you. Anke Groth Deborah [ph], last and final question. Unidentified Analyst Yes, thanks. I was hoping you could help us with the generation division in terms of the nuclear tax paid so far. Expectations for the fourth quarter, this year versus last year, just to get a sense of the underlying? Michael Sen €2.7 billion. Unidentified Analyst No, sorry. In terms of the 2015 earnings run rate? The expectation for payment in the fourth quarter this year, and whether or not there as a payment last year? Michael Sen €400 million. Okay. That was it, I guess. Anke Groth Yes, I think unfortunately we have to terminate the call, to not run into a problem. Thank you for participating and asking your questions. Ingo Becker, unfortunately, you’re the last person on our list. Please give us a call, and… Michael Sen Yes, we’ll take care of it. Anke Groth We’ll work through your questions. Thanks a lot. Yes, talking to you soon. Bye-bye. Operator Ladies and gentlemen, thank you for your attendance. This call has been concluded. You may now disconnect.

Reeling In Small-Cap Alpha

Summary Stocks of small companies have higher incidences of price volatility and mispricing, increasing opportunities for investors to earn excess returns. Implementing outperforming strategies, such as value or momentum, in the small-cap universe amplifies their alpha-generating potential. High trading costs of small-cap stocks disadvantages passive implementation when compared to skilled active management. Although we live at the edge of the Pacific Ocean, our weekend adventures often take us inland to enjoy the lakes and streams of California and her neighboring states. A favorite pastime is fresh-water fishing. For most, the lure of fishing is a combination of serene beauty, contemplative quiet, and the satisfaction of reeling in as many big fish as possible. We admit that the first two attractions are very appealing in their restorative powers, particularly to office-weary asset managers, but we can’t help being most inspired by the basic challenge of catching a lot of big fish. The folklore claims 10% of fishermen catch 90% of the fish. What do the top 10% know that the others don’t? Investors’ search for alpha is not dissimilar to the strategies of skilled and experienced fishermen. First, the skilled know the right location. They use multiple lines and hooks or lures to increase their opportunities. And they attract greater numbers of fish by chumming – adding scent or bait to the water. In the world of asset management, we can think of risk and mispricing as the chum that attracts alpha. Just as all fishing locations are not equal – contrast the teeming Lake Tahoe with the perishing Salton Sea – not all segments of the equity market are equal in the opportunities they present for finding alpha. Small-Cap Alpha: Abundant, but Unreliable Lake Tahoe is well known for both its abundance and diversity of fish. The academic literature has made a similar case for small stocks, often believed to be a deep pool into which an investor can cast her net and pull out a weighty haul of alpha. Stocks of small companies vary significantly in price volatility, are more prone to defaults, and have high trading costs. In combination, these characteristics create an unpredictable risk distribution for small-cap stocks, and the same traits contribute to their frequently being mispriced. In addition, many known anomalies, or risk factors, have significantly higher return dispersion among small companies, creating numerous opportunities for alpha production. Our research shows, however, that small stocks are not a dependable source of standalone premium. Granted, the small-cap universe is plentiful – there are thousands more small companies than large companies – and diverse – the U.S. economy encourages virtually any type of business or strategy an entrepreneur can envision – but these traits alone are insufficient to ensure small caps will unfailingly produce an excess return. Many market participants believe that, just like value stocks outperform growth stocks, and positive momentum stocks outperform negative momentum stocks, small-cap stocks outperform large-cap stocks. In a recent article (Kalesnik and Beck, 2014), we discuss the evidence that supports the size premium. Table A1 in the Appendix lists the main arguments in favor and against small size as a standalone source of premium. In our view, the arguments against are much stronger than the arguments in favor: we judge the evidence that small-cap companies, in general, outperform large-cap companies to be unreliable. Our advice to the equity investor is to examine that small cap you are considering to be sure it has the alpha-producing qualities you seek – if absent, toss that small fish back, and cast your line again. Small caps are not the fish, they are the fishing spot – not the source of alpha, but rather a place where alpha can be found. A Fertile Fishing Spot Even if small companies are not as a group reliably outperforming large companies, small-cap stocks still hold significant promise for investors – they are a fertile fishing spot for alpha. Small caps, like other investment strategies, benefit from two potential sources of outperformance: 1) exposure to sources of risk that are compensated with higher returns, and 2) systematic sources of mispricing that can be exploited. Small stocks come with higher risk than large stocks as measured by credit rating, delisting probability, and volatility. Table 1 reports the distress and volatility characteristics of U.S. stocks by size quintile. The S&P credit rating difference between small-cap stocks (B rated) and large-cap stocks (A+ rated) indicates the higher likelihood (over 200 times) of smaller stocks being delisted, often because of default. Small caps have a delisting rate of 2.38% versus 0.01% for large caps. The higher price volatility of small caps is evident at both portfolio and stock-specific levels. The portfolio composed of the smallest 20% of stocks is about 44% more volatile than the portfolio of the largest 20% of stocks – 20.6% versus 14.3%, respectively. A portfolio, however, masks a lot of stock-specific volatility. A comparison of the median stock volatility of the highest and lowest quintiles is significantly more striking: the median volatility of the smallest stocks (50.5%) is almost 100% more volatile than the median volatility of the largest stocks (25.5%). Also, the dispersion in stock volatility is much greater for small stocks than for large stocks, with a 25th-75th percentile range of 32.1%-76.0% compared to 19.8%-33.2%, respectively. With a much wider dispersion in stock-level risk, investors looking to capitalize on known risk premia should consider doing their fishing in the small-cap side of the pond. Smaller companies, by virtue of their vast numbers, limited market liquidity, and resultant lower investor demand, tend as a category to have very light analyst coverage. Therefore, much less is known by, or available to, the average investor about the fundamental strength of most small companies. Investors struggle to digest this complexity and to translate the information they are able to discern into efficient prices. Greater instances of mispricing are the practical outcome. Such mispricing creates an opportunity for investors to capture excess returns, much as the fisherman’s baited hook entices the next bream that skims by. If mispricing in the small-cap segment of the market is well known, why does the mispricing persist? Why is it not arbitraged away? One likely reason is high trading costs. Table 2 lists the average bid-ask spreads for each of the size quintiles over the period 1988-2014. The bid-ask spread serves as a proxy for trading costs. Clearly, the average spread is much higher for the smallest-cap quintile compared to the largest over both the entire 27-year period and the last 10 years. Large trading costs make potential trades of small-cap stocks less profitable, allowing the mispricing to persist. Just as a lake with heavier vegetation provides a more fertile environment for fish to thrive, we believe the small-cap universe provides fertile ground for finding highly mispriced stocks. In the never-ending debate over whether certain sources of outperformance – such as value and momentum – arise from risk or mispricing, for our purposes, it actually doesn’t matter! Based on the evidence we have just presented, small caps offer a bountiful location to find alpha. Reeling In Alpha As we stated in the previous section, outperformance requires that risk be adequately compensated by return. In seeking excess returns, we can attempt to exploit the higher riskiness and greater probability of mispricing in small-cap stocks by implementing outperforming strategies – such as those that capture the value, momentum, and quality premiums – within the small-cap universe. Value in small caps. In the simplest interpretation, value strategies favor the stocks of companies with high accounting fundamentals-to-price ratios (value stocks) relative to those with low fundamentals-to-price ratios (growth stocks). The high ratio of fundamentals relative to price can signal that the stock is justifiably risky so that the market is willing to purchase the stock only at a reduced price. Alternatively, the high ratio may signal that the stock is actually underpriced for its fundamentals. In either case, historical experience has shown that buying value companies has been a profitable strategy. For value stocks deemed to be cheap because of higher risk, this characteristic should be magnified in the more opaque small-cap universe, and hence, offer investors a higher premium for assuming that risk. For value stocks attributed to mispricing (i.e., fundamentally strong stocks being temporarily priced too low, and vice versa), returns should be higher when the value strategy is executed in small caps because of the greater potential for the mispricing of small companies. In Table 3 , we show the performance of different definitions of value strategies implemented in both large-cap and small-cap stocks from 1967 to 2014. Value stocks, regardless of the definition of value, 1 outperform growth stocks in both large-cap and small-cap market segments. More importantly, the outperformance of value stocks relative to growth stocks is significantly larger for the strategies executed in small-cap stocks. The t-stats of two of the long-short value strategies implemented in small caps are significant at the 1% level, and one is significant at the 5% level. This compares to two of the same strategies implemented in the large-cap universe being significant at the 5% level, and one at the 10% level. Momentum in small caps. The momentum strategy favors stocks that over a recent period have risen steadily in price. Once identified, these stocks typically continue their upward, outperforming trajectory for an additional period of time; momentum can also assume a downward trajectory. Like the value strategy, the momentum strategy’s ability to deliver excess returns has both risk and mispricing explanations. In our view, the most convincing argument is related to risk, that is, market participants initially underreact to earnings surprises (up or down), only to follow up with a buy or sell action when the earnings information is later confirmed. Similar to the argument we made for implementing a value strategy with small-cap stocks, the risk associated with a momentum strategy would also be amplified when implemented with small caps and would generate a higher return premium. If momentum derives its value-add from mispricing, the fact that small caps are potentially more prone to mispricing should make a momentum strategy implemented in small caps even more profitable. In Table 4 , we compare the performance of the recent winners versus losers in the universes of large-cap and small-cap stocks. The gains from momentum are much higher among the small caps. The t-stats of all five momentum strategies implemented in small caps are significant at the 1% level compared to only two of the five strategies being significant at the 10% level when implemented in large caps. Quality in small caps. Quality investing as a standalone strategy has been gaining a lot of attention. Investing in quality companies is intuitively appealing, but what drivers underlie the strategy? Again, the possible explanations are mispricing and risk. Mispricing theory would argue that investors are unable to correctly translate information beyond simple financial metrics into efficient prices, and risk theory would argue that several metrics related to quality are associated with a distinct undiversifiable correlation pattern, which in a multifactor setting may signal that quality stocks are compensated by a risk premium. If either or both of these explanations are true, we would expect a stronger relationship in the universe of small-cap stocks. A quality strategy encompasses a very broad category of possible signals, creating the danger of focusing on a nonrepresentative outlier. To avoid this potential problem, we identify nine broad groups of quality definitions, and within these groups, 35 narrower definitions. Table A2 in the Appendix provides the definitions. We simulate the performance of the 35 quality definitions in both large-cap and small-cap universes. Table 5 provides these results. 2 We find that for large-cap stocks in the aggregate, quality stocks do not have a performance advantage over junk stocks. 3 By contrast, in the small-cap universe, quality stocks outperform junk stocks. The performance advantage as indicated by the t-stat of the long-short quality portfolio is statistically significant at the 1% level for small caps. In the recent article, “Size Matters If You Control Your Junk,” Asness et al. (2015) document that small-cap companies outperform the market if low-quality companies are avoided. We have a minor quibble with the interpretation of trying to rescue the size premium by controlling for junk. Why not “Size Matters If You Control Your Growth” or “Size Matters If You Avoid Losers”? Arguing that size matters if you control for junk, rather than arguing that most anomalies generate better performance – or any performance at all – when implemented in small-cap stocks, is not much different from arguing, for example, that rebalancing is a repackaged value strategy. At the end of the day, however, our empirical findings and those of Asness et al. are similar: quality small-cap stocks can be a good source of excess return. Both Location and Skill Matter The key to a successful day of fishing is location. The same is true of outperforming in the equity market. The investor must find where alpha is located. Small size – along with value and momentum – is generally considered to be a singularly promising location. Our empirical research, however, calls this general wisdom into question. We find that small size alone does not guarantee outperformance. But small size does offer fertile waters in which to find alpha and reel it in. Both sources of outperformance in investment strategies – compensated risk and mispricing – are amplified when implemented in the small-cap universe because small-cap stocks take both characteristics to the extreme; well-known anomalies show much stronger outcomes when implemented among smaller companies. We conclude that exploiting outperforming strategies within the small-cap universe can deliver excess returns. Because small-cap stocks have high trading costs, implementation skill matters – a lot. Passive implementation of investment strategies in the small-cap segment of the market is definitely disadvantaged versus their skilled active implementation. Active managers can hide their trades, position themselves to narrow the bid-ask spread, and minimize turnover. Ultimately, the equity investor will haul in a larger alpha catch by emulating the skilled fisherman: first, identifying a promising location (i.e., small cap stocks), then using multiple lines and hooks (i.e., implementing value, momentum, and quality strategies to exploit the chum of risk and mispricing in each), and lastly, dangling the lure of skilled active management to tease out the smallest trading costs possible. Endnotes The only value strategy that lacks statistical significance in Table 3 is the strategy defined by dividend yield. It comes with significant volatility reduction, a feature, however, that can make the strategy attractive to some investors. The lower volatility of the high dividend yield portfolio increases the volatility of the long-short portfolio used in the statistical test and renders the difference statistically insignificant. Hsu et al. (forthcoming) document that in terms of Sharpe ratios, the value strategy defined as dividend yields provides an economically and statistically significant advantage. We show only the aggregate results in the interest of space We interpret these findings as a lack of robustness for quality as a broad investment category. It does not mean that individual definitions of quality may not have investment merits; further characteristics may be of interest and deserve more detailed study. References Asness, Cliff, Andrea Frazzini, Ronen Israel, Tobias Moskowitz, and Lasse Heje Pederson. 2015. “Size Matters If You Control Your Junk.” Fama-Miller working paper (January). Available at SSRN. Banz, Rolf. 1981. “The Relationship Between Return and Market Value of Common Stocks.” Journal of Financial Economics , vol. 9, no. 1 (March): 3-18. Hsu, Jason, Vitali Kalesnik, Helge Kostka, and Noah Beck. Forthcoming. “Factor Zoology.” Research Affiliates working paper. Kalesnik, Vitali, and Noah Beck. 2014. ” Busting the Myth About Size .” Research Affiliates Simply Stated, December. Sloan, Richard. 1996. “Do Stock Prices Fully Reflect Information in Accruals and Cash Flows About Future Earnings?” The Accounting Review , vol. 71, no. 3 (July): 289-315. The authors wish to thank Chris Brightman, CFA, and Kay Jaitly, CFA, for their substantial contributions to this article. Appendix This article was originally published on researchaffiliates.com by Vitali Kalesnik and Noah Beck . Disclaimer: The statements, views and opinions expressed herein are those of the author and not necessarily those of Research Affiliates, LLC. Any such statements, views or opinions are subject to change without notice. Nothing contained herein is an offer or sale of securities or derivatives and is not investment advice. Any specific reference or link to securities or derivatives on this website are not those of the author.